PM 3/93 (1) Management of phytosanitary risks for potato crops resulting from movement of soil associated with root crops and potatoes

EPPO BulletinVolume 51, Issue 3 p. 418-435 STANDARD - PHYTOSANITARY PROCEDURESFree Access PM 3/93 (1) Management of phytosanitary risks for potato crops resulting from movement soil associated with root and potatoes First published: 25 November 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12776AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text full-text accessPlease review our Terms Conditions Use check box below share version article.I have read accept the Wiley Online Library UseShareable LinkUse link a this article your friends colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Specific scope This Standard describes posed by introduction potentially infested onto land that will be used grow crop. Such can result grading, packaging processing tubers may contain other plant debris. It also harvested crops, which been grown on has previously potato. provides recommendations NPPOs set rules return agricultural fields authorize its safe/appropriate treatment disposal, based risk assessment carried out handling facilities. guidance operators (growers industry) minimize along whole production chain, growing crop final or processing. The plants planting (including seed potatoes) case known specific regulated pest are not covered Standard. approval amendment approved in 2021–09. Authors contributors given Acknowledgements section. Definitions Soil is defined as medium naturally occurring, composed loose surface material earth consists mixture minerals organic (EFSA PLH, 2015). For purpose Standard, definition includes all foreign matter after harvest (e.g. soil, stones, debris). Handling facility Any involved sorting, brushing, washing, trimming, grading packing processes such canning, freezing frying (chips crisps), industrial purposes starch preparation retail wholesale. A small at farm level large an scale. Root any field underground parts food fodder beets, carrots, sweet potatoes, turnips, endives, salsifies, leeks, etc.). excluded definition. Other terms ISPM 5 (FAO, 2019a) commodity, pathway, pest, planting, place site. 1 INTRODUCTION Naturally occurring soils harbour many organisms, some beneficial mycorrhiza fungi), while others pests cultivated pose threat biodiversity. Pests bacteria, fungi, insects, mites, molluscs, nematodes, viruses weeds present mixed soil. Potential yet science present. Whenever moved, including wastewater, it act pathway pests. However, when soil-borne discovered site, usually possible identify origin was introduced. because pests, several host must before population increases detectable levels symptoms develop. Moreover, different origins facilities being returned addressed Movement already species (EFSA, example, European Union (EU), sampling testing demonstrate freedom Globodera rostochiensis G. pallida (potato cyst nematodes) pre-planting requirement certain (EU, 2007). there general ≤1 ≤2% w/w high grades pre-basic basic ≤1% [EPPO 8/1 Commodity measures: Potato, EU marketing directive 2014a,b, 2019b)]. In addition, most seed, should soil-free. There purity standards inert subject sugar beet, produced within certification schemes include inspection. contrast mostly only rarely [e.g. beet protected zones Beet necrotic yellow vein virus 2019a)]. Farm operations harvesting crops), increasing use same equipment/machinery multiple farms, considerable distance main renting belongs spread long-distance cross-border increased greatly recent years due more centralized larger facilities, Topsoil content nutrients maintains fertility. limited resource ideally removed field. losses (harvest erosion) reach 10 tonnes/ha average tonnes/ha. With potato, 2 (Panagos et al., 2019). Potatoes delivered processors often (usually between 2% 10%, but more). represents quantity example 50 means tonne/ha requires management. As valuable resource, need countries land. if concludes acceptable. potential waste detected north-east Germany another country. part declared free pallida. then found lots received second country (Niere, pers. comm., 2018). Furthermore, Slovenia, first report suspected linked wastewater discharged grassland washing ware imported where occurs (EPPO, 2012b). Similarly, cysts occur non-infested Often extremely difficult control, eradication well containment feasible, require decades continuous action. nematode campaign Australia continued than 20 (DPIRD, provides: description intended (Section 2) Recommendations 3): To raise awareness acceptable performed approve methods audit system role responsibilities 4): give how reduce recommend managed facility. recommendation contravene/override local national regulations disposal transportation developed Panel Phytosanitary Measures Potatoes, focuses potatoes. later extended cover management crops. PEST RISKS INVOLVED WITH SOIL ASSOCIATED HARVESTED POTATOES AND ROOT CROPS introduced tubers, debris weed plants, site grow, thereby enabling survival species. volunteers 3/89 Control volunteer 2020)] key element control Some persist few years, whereas remain viable decades. association important their ability survive described Table 1. list table selection recommended regulation quarantine EPPO. serious consideration needs these Spongospora subterranea Ditylenchus destructor). TABLE Association Taxonomic group Categorization (EPPO lists) hosts rotation Survival without Clavibacter sepedonicus (CORBSE) Bacteria A2 List Beta vulgaris (*) bacterium itself thought unprotected capable surviving 2–5 dried polysaccharide ‘slime’ arises infected tissue adheres materials machines, e.g. sacks, boxes, crates, bins, truck beds, cutting, equipment, containers, storage walls, floors, etc. These serve sources contamination, even temperatures (EPPO/CABI, 1997a). Cool dry conditions promote long-term persistence, repeated wetting drying cycles decrease ring rot bacteria (Elphinstone, 2010; Inglis 2013). dipsaci (DITYDI) Nematoda Allium cepa, sativum, vulgaris, porrum, Petroselinum crispum (*,#) Fourth-stage juveniles (J4) no Long-term remaining nematodes desiccate (anhydrobiosis) form so-called eel wool. desiccation (as fourth-stage juveniles) bulbs seeds 7/87). Epitrix cucumeris (EPIXCU) Insecta cepa Eggs, larvae, pupae adult stages Adult beetles overwinter near margin. Eggs laid Larvae feed roots about weeks pupate Pupation takes up 13 days 2012a; EPPO, 2021a). Overwintering adults months (CABI, 2018a). information long eggs, larvae 2012a). papa (EPIXPP) Probably similar biology E. tuberis. tuberis (EPIXTU) A1 Armoracia rusticana, Raphanus sativus 2–6 22 2021b). 2018b). (HETDPA) (#) eggs second-stage juveniles. Males during season host, die fertilizing females. infective. Cysts (with eggs) (20 more) much shorter-time (weeks) Natural decline year averaged 69% (50–85%) sandy peaty soils, 26% loamy clay (Been Inundation (Ebrahimi 2016) heat (>50°C) (Viaene 2019) cysts. Moisture plays role, resilient high-temperature (HETDRO) (in fields) slower reduces 2016). Pheletes californicus (LIMOCF) Infested carry overwintering adults. Depending moisture, temperature, firmness oviposited just depths 15 cm. Once hatch, roots, germinating plants. 5–10 cm Adults do emerge until around 13°C 2018c; 2005; Stone, 1941). compact suffer mortality rapid fluctuations moisture temperature 2005). literature hosts. According Campbell (1937), avoided soon dying they remained whilst saturated caused almost complete cessation activity sometimes death. Low induced larval dormancy (Parker & Howard, 2001). humidity cause Leptinotarsa decemlineata (LPTNDE) Daucus carota subsp. Fourth stage, areas adjacent themselves. depth depends temperature. cooler climates, Northern Europe, burrow 25–40 down into 2018d). 2018d), pupation generally lasts 10–20 1997b). number factors, quality pre-diapause, content, burrowing, (Costanzo 1997; Hunt Tan, 2000; Hiiesaar 2006). Meloidogyne chitwoodi (MELGCH) Sativus, Scorzonera hispanica Second-stage egg masses All juvenile females pieces roots/tubers left Egg gelatinous matrix longest Their least 24 normal (moist soil) reduced (not zero) 12 weeks. influences (report Nemaspread- FOD project, fallax (MELGFA) Asparagus officinalis, Nacobbus aberrans (NACOBA) laboratory tests, Jatala Kaltenbach (1979) cited EPPO/CABI (1997c) showed N. survived 4 −13°C, 8 air-dried (7–9% relative humidity). More results extend periods respectively 1997c). Ralstonia solanacearum (RALSSL) ways R. arrive habitats. organism exudes infests inside protective (Shekawat Perombelon, 1992). Infestation irrigation contaminated water adhering machinery, implements vehicles. Population densities progressively over time, persistence observed months. microcosm experiments bacterial cells added types, gradual 90 210 observed, sufficient re-infest next absence rotation. type affects rate decline, greatest sand An accelerated undetectable numbers occurred 4°C single freezing-thawing cycle drop detection limit. Severe drought drastically populations (van Elsas 2000). Different amendments were demonstrated viability (Messiha 2009). presence residues roots) allows longer periods. Synchytrium endobioticum (SYNCEN) Fungi Resting sporangia released decaying wart tissue. water. depending environmental conditions. Przetakiewicz (2015) resting 46 outbreak. Tecia solanivora (TECASO) (Povolný, 2004). Females prefer deposit (Barreto 2003; Karlsson 2009; 2021c) hosts, expected very short time emerging caterpillars bore life cycle. Schaub al. (2016) ,egg 10% 10–25°C, sharply higher lower temperatures, reaching 100% 30°C. Castillo (2005), 10ºC amounted 100%, according Notz (1996) (2016), pupa survival. Niño (2002) confirmed 4.5ºC. Thecaphora solani (THPHSO) Forms galls stems, stolons spore balls (sori) containing two eight teliospores, one. Spore formed tubers. Infected become brown powdery mass spores. lived tuber Torres (2001) states fungus 7 gall fragments. Nothing infection process. Note * = pest; # wild/weed pest. ROLE OF THE NPPO 3.1 Raising amongst growers, inspectors people supply chain risk, course action amount apply good hygiene practices 4.1). Awareness campaigns 2019b; FAO, 2019b) highlight importance correctly managing Promotional activities involve, internet, posters workshops involving traders processors. 3.2 General fields. 3.3 Requirement analyse whether under what 4.2). necessary perform deposited production. formalized writing updated regularly significant change occurs, contracting growers new area status changed following 4.2.3.1.1) kept procedures external audits. If batches merged, provided batch highest risk. 3.4 Approval treatment, When returning acceptable, treated allow reuse disposed safely. treatments applied process related raw crops) authorized NPPO. reviewed made available assessment. keep records treatment(s) disposing non-agricultural land, requirements fulfilled 4.3.4). Traceability transport destination done providing documents CMR1 consignment note requested. Official consent appropriate Government Agency authority required discharge watercourse public sewer. 3.5 regular NPPO, critical prepared Options summarized Figure FIGURE 1Open figure viewerPowerPoint Flow diagram Blue boxes indicate RESPONSIBILITIES OPERATORS packers processors) responsibility raising transporters (possible communication mentioned Section 3.1). They encourage practices. harvest. Transporters, mixing Before fields, ensure safety Alternatively, safely 4.3 1). 4.1 Guidance Until encouraged take 4.1.1 growers/contractors prior to, immediately (prior outside processing) addition using practices, helps prevent contamination one another, priority 4.1.1.1. Apply cleaning vehicles equipment. particular, equipment places production, newly rented sites status. Cleaning undertaken preserve cleaning, disinfection high-risk situations, especially machinery uncertainty 10/1 Disinfection production). Organizing risky beginning day/harvesting period). 4.1.1.2. Reduce products production: techniques applicable Reduction fully thin layer help protect them storage. influence (Auersald 2006; Ruysschaert Harvest erosion influenced (being greater wet conditions). Good formation forked decreasing retention qua